                         Perigrafy% twn Sustyma%twn BSD

  Greg Lehey

   <grog@FreeBSD.org>

   Anathew%rysy: 43184

   To FreeBSD ei%nai e%na katoxurwme%no emporiko% su%mbolo tou FreeBSD
   Foundation.

   Oi le%cei*s y% fra%sei*s AMD, AMD Athlon, AMD Opteron, Elan, kai PCnet
   ei%nai emporika% su%mbola ty*s Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.

   Oi le%cei*s y% fra%sei*s Apple, AirPort, FireWire, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS,
   Quicktime, kai TrueType ei%nai emporika% su%mbola ty*s Apple Computer,
   Inc., katoxurwme%na sti*s Ynwme%ne*s Politei%e*s kai se a%lle*s xw%re*s.

   Oi le%cei*s Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium,
   kai Xeon ei%nai emporika% su%mbola y% katoxurwme%na emporika% su%mbola
   ty*s Intel Corporation kai twn thugatrikw%n ty*s sti*s Ynwme%ne*s
   Politei%e*s kai se a%lle*s xw%re*s.

   To Linux ei%nai e%na katoxurwme%na emporiko% su%mbolo tou Linus Torvalds
   sti*s Ynwme%ne*s Politei%e*s.

   Oi le%cei*s Motif, OSF/1, kai UNIX ei%nai katoxurwme%na emporika% su%mbola
   kai oi le%cei*s y% fra%sei*s IT DialTone kai The Open Group ei%nai
   emporika% su%mbola tou The Open Group sti*s Ynwme%ne*s Politei%e*s kai se
   a%lle*s xw%re*s.

   Oi le%cei*s y% fra%sei*s SPARC, SPARC64, kai UltraSPARC ei%nai emporika%
   su%mbola ty*s SPARC International, Inc. sti*s Ynwme%ne*s Politei%e*s kai
   se a%lle*s xw%re*s. Y SPARC International Inc. kate%xei o%la ta emporika%
   dikaiw%mata twn sumbo%lwn SPARC kai epitre%pei tyn orthy% xry%sy tou*s
   apo% o%la ta me%ly ty*s, kato%pin sxetiky%*s a%deia*s.

   Oi le%cei*s y% fra%sei*s Sun, Sun Microsystems, Java, Java Virtual
   Machine, JDK, JRE, JSP, JVM, Netra, OpenJDK, Solaris, StarOffice, SunOS
   kai VirtualBox ei%nai emporika% su%mbola y% katoxurwme%na emporika%
   su%mbola ty*s Sun Microsystems, Inc. sti*s Ynwme%ne*s Politei%e*s kai se
   a%lle*s xw%re*s.

   Y le%cy UNIX ei%nai katoxurwme%no emporiko% su%mbolo tou Open Group sti*s
   Ynwme%ne*s Politei%e*s kai se a%lle*s xw%re*s.

   Y le%cy XFree86 ei%nai e%na emporiko% su%mbolo tou The XFree86 Project,
   Inc.

   Polle%*s apo% ti*s le%cei*s y% fra%sei*s oi opoi%e*s xrysimopoiou%ntai
   apo% tou*s kataskeuaste%*s y% tou*s pwlyte%*s tou*s gia na diakri%noun ta
   projo%nta tou*s thewrou%ntai emporika% su%mbola. O%pou aute%*s
   emfani%zontai se auto% to kei%meno kai gia o%se*s apo% aute%*s gnwri%zei y
   Oma%da Ana%ptucy*s tou FreeBSD o%ti ei%nai pithano%n na ei%nai emporika%
   su%mbola, tha dei%te e%na apo% ta su%mbola: <<(TM)>> y% <<(R)>>.

   2013-11-13 apo% hrs.
   Peri%lyqy

   Ston ko%smo tou open source, y le%cy <<Linux>> ei%nai sxedo%n sunw%numy me
   tyn e%nnoia <<Leitourgiko% Su%styma>>, alla% den ei%nai to mo%no open
   source UNIX(R) leitourgiko% su%styma. Su%mfwna me ton Metryty%
   Leitourgikw%n Sustyma%twn tou Internet, apo% ton Apri%lio tou 1999 to
   31.3% twn upologistw%n tou ko%smou pou ei%nai sundedeme%noi sto di%ktuo
   tre%xoun Linux. To 14.6% tre%xoun BSD UNIX(R). Ka%poie*s apo% ti*s
   megalu%tere*s efarmoge%*s tou pagko%smiou istou%, o%pw*s to Yahoo!,
   tre%xoun BSD. O pio mega%lo*s se fo%rto FTP ecupyretyty%*s tou ko%smou to
   1999 (pou den upa%rxei ple%on), to ftp.cdrom.com, xrysimopoiou%se BSD gia
   na metafe%rei pa%nw apo% 1.4 TB dedome%nwn ty me%ra. Ei%nai profane%*s
   o%ti auty% den ei%nai mia periorisme%ny agora%: to BSD ei%nai e%na kala%
   kratyme%no mustiko%.

   Loipo%n, poio ei%nai to mustiko%; Giati% to BSD den ei%nai pio eure%w*s
   gnwsto%; Auto% to a%rthro ei%nai mia prospa%theia na apantythou%n aute%*s
   kai a%lle*s erwty%sei*s.

   [ HTML se tmy%mata / HTML se e%na tmy%ma ]

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

   Pi%naka*s Periexome%nwn

   1. Ti% ei%nai to BSD;

   2. Ti%, e%na alythino% UNIX(R);

   3. Giati% den ei%nai to BSD pio gnwsto%;

   4. Su%gkrisy tou BSD me to Linux

1. Ti% ei%nai to BSD;

   BSD symai%nei <<Berkeley Software Distribution>>. Ei%nai to o%noma apo%
   ti*s dianome%*s pygai%ou kw%dika pou e%kane to Panepisty%mio ty*s
   Kalifo%rnia, Berkeley (University of California, Berkeley), oi opoi%e*s
   y%tan arxika% epekta%sei*s sto UNIX ereunytiko% leitourgiko% su%styma ty*s
   AT&T. Dia%fora open source leitourgika% susty%mata ei%nai basisme%na se
   mia e%kdosy autou% tou pygai%ou kw%dika gnwsty% w*s 4.4BSD-Lite. Ekto%*s
   apo% auto%, perie%xoun kai mia poikili%a apo% pake%ta apo% a%lle*s Open
   Source pyge%*s, me tyn oma%da GNU na ei%nai mia apo% ti*s pio
   symantike%*s. Sunolika%, to leitourgiko% su%styma perilamba%nei:

     * Ton BSD pury%na, pou diaxeiri%zetai tyn dromolo%gysy twn diergasiw%n,
       tyn mny%my, tyn summetriky% polu-epecergasi%a (symmetric
       multi-processing, SMP) tou*s odygou%*s suskeuw%n, klp.

       Se anti%thesy me ton pury%na tou Linux, upa%rxoun parapa%nw apo% e%na
       diaforetikoi% BSD pury%ne*s me poiki%le*s dunato%tyte*s.

     * Y bibliothy%ky ty*s C, to basiko% API tou susty%mato*s.

       Y C bibliothy%ky tou BSD ei%nai basisme%ny se kw%dika apo% to
       Berkeley, o%xi apo% tyn oma%da GNU.

     * Ergalei%a o%pw*s floioi% (shells), progra%mmata diaxei%risy*s
       arxei%wn, metaglwttiste%*s (compilers, linkers).

       Ka%poia apo% ta ergalei%a ei%nai basisme%na se kw%dika GNU, ka%poia
       a%lla o%xi.

     * To Su%styma X Window, pou ulopoiei% to grafiko% periba%llon.

       To su%styma X Window pou xrysimopoiei%tai sti*s pio polle%*s
       ekdo%sei*s tou BSD suntyrei%tai apo% mia diaforetiky% oma%da
       programmatistw%n: ei%te tyn oma%da XFree86(TM), ei%te tyn oma%da
       X.Org. Auto%*s ei%nai o i%dio*s kw%dika*s pou xrysimopoiei% kai to
       Linux. To BSD suny%thw*s den ori%zei e%na sugkekrime%no <<grafiko%
       periba%llon>>, o%pw*s to GNOME y% to KDE, paro%lo pou kai ta duo
       ei%nai diathe%sima.

     * Polla% a%lla progra%mmata kai ergalei%a.

2. Ti%, e%na alythino% UNIX(R);

   Ta BSD leitourgika% susty%mata den ei%nai klw%noi, alla% open source
   projo%nta pou e%xoun bgei apo% to Peiramatiko% UNIX(R) leitourgiko%
   su%styma ty*s AT&T, pou ei%nai epi%sy*s pro%gono*s tou monte%rnou UNIX(R)
   System V. Auto% i%sw*s sa*s prokale%sei e%kplycy. Pw%*s mporei% ka%ti
   te%toio na gi%nei, afou% y AT&T den e%xei dianei%mei pote% ton kw%dika%
   ty*s san open source;

   Ei%nai aly%theia o%ti to AT&T UNIX(R) den ei%nai open source, kai kata%
   mia e%nnoia, an ei%maste austyroi% me to the%ma twn pneumatikw%n
   dikaiwma%twn, to BSD si%goura den ei%nai UNIX(R), alla% apo% tyn a%lly, y
   i%dia y AT&T e%xei enswmatw%sei kw%dika apo% a%lle*s oma%de*s ana%ptucy*s,
   me mia apo% ti*s pio symantike%*s na ei%nai y Oma%da E%reuna*s ty*s
   Episty%my*s twn Upologistw%n tou Panepistymi%ou ty*s California, Berkeley,
   CA (Computer Sciences Research Group (CSRG), University of California,
   Berkeley, CA). Cekinw%nta*s to 1976, y CSRG ceki%nyse na diane%mei tapes
   me to logismiko% tou*s, apokalw%nta*s to Berkeley Software Distribution y%
   aplw%*s BSD.

   Oi arxike%*s ekdo%sei*s tou BSD apotelou%ntan kuri%w*s apo% progra%mmata
   gia xry%ste*s, alla% auto% a%llace dramatika% o%tan y CSRG e%kleise e%na
   sumbo%laio me tyn Defense Advanced Projects Research Agency (DARPA) gia na
   anabathmi%sei ta prwto%kolla epikoinwni%a*s tou diktu%ou ty*s DARPA, tou
   ARPANET. Ta ne%a prwto%kolla y%tan gnwsta% w*s Internet Protocols,
   argo%tera TCP/IP pai%rnonta*s to o%noma% tou*s apo% ta du%o pio symantika%
   prwto%kolla Y prw%ty eure%w*s gnwsty% ulopoi%ysy y%tan me%ro*s tou 4.2BSD,
   pou anakoinw%thyke to 1982.

   Kata% ty dia%rkeia ty*s dekaeti%a*s tou 80 anaptu%xthyke e%na ply%tho*s
   etaireiw%n pou die%thetan stathmou%*s ergasi%a*s. Polle%*s proti%mysan na
   agora%soun tyn a%deia tou UNIX(R) anti% na anaptu%coun dika% tou*s
   leitourgika% susty%mata. Sugkekrime%na, y Sun Microsystems ago%rase tyn
   a%deia tou UNIX(R) kai ane%ptuce mia e%kdosy tou 4.2BSD tyn opoi%a
   ono%mase SunOS. O%tan kai y i%dia y AT&T mpo%rese, a%rxise na poula% to
   UNIX(R) me mia e%kdosy periorisme%nwn dunatoty%twn pou lego%tan System
   III, tyn opoi%a gry%gora akolou%thyse to System V. Y ba%sy pygai%ou
   kw%dika tou System V den periei%xe kw%dika diktu%wsy*s, opo%te o%le*s oi
   ulopoiy%sei*s periei%xan epiple%on logismiko% apo% to BSD,
   sumperilambanome%nou tou logismikou% TCP/IP, alla% kai progra%mmata o%pw*s
   ton floio% csh kai ton epecergasty% keime%nou vi. Sunolika%, aute%*s oi
   beltiw%sei*s y%tan gnwste%*s san oi Epekta%sei*s Berkeley.

   Ta tapes tou BSD periei%xan pygai%o kw%dika ty*s AT&T ki e%tsi apaitou%san
   mia a%deia pygai%ou kw%dika tou UNIX(R). Me%xri to 1990, y xrymatodo%tysy
   ty*s CSRG te%leiwne, kai py%gaine gia klei%simo. Ka%poia me%ly ty*s
   oma%da*s apofa%sisan na dianei%moun ton BSD kw%dika, pou y%tan Open
   Source, xwri%*s ta komma%tia tou emporikou% AT&T kw%dika. Auto% e%gine
   telika% me tyn Networking Tape 2, gnwsty% kai w*s Net/2. Y Net/2 den y%tan
   e%na oloklyrwme%no leitourgiko% su%styma. Peri%pou 20% apo% ton kw%dika
   tou pury%na e%leipe. E%na apo% ta me%ly ty*s CSRG, o William F. Jolitz,
   e%graqe ton upo%loipo kw%dika pou e%leipe kai ton e%dwse nwri%*s to 1992
   me o%noma 386BSD. Tyn i%dia stigmy%, mia a%lly oma%da apo% prw%yn me%ly
   ty*s CSRG i%druse mia emporiky% etairei%a me o%noma Berkeley Software
   Design Inc. kai ece%dwse mia peiramatiky% e%kdosy eno%*s leitourgikou%
   susty%mato*s pou lego%tan BSD/386, to opoi%o y%tan basisme%no ston i%dio
   pygai%o kw%dika. To o%noma tou leitourgikou% susty%mato*s a%llace
   argo%tera se BSD/OS.

   To 386BSD pote% den e%gine e%na stathero% leitourgiko% su%styma. Anti% gi
   auto%, du%o a%lle*s oma%de*s cepy%dysan apo% auto% to 1993. Y oma%da tou
   NetBSD kai y oma%da tou FreeBSD. Oi duo oma%de*s arxika% cexw%risan
   epeidy% ei%xan diaforetiky% upomony% o%son afora% se ka%poie*s
   beltiw%sei*s sto 386BSD. Y oma%da tou NetBSD ceki%nyse styn arxy% ty*s
   xronia%*s, kai y prw%ty e%kdosy tou FreeBSD den y%tan e%toimy me%xri to
   te%lo*s ty*s xronia%*s. Sto metacu% y ba%sy tou pygai%ou kw%dika ei%xe
   ple%on to%se*s diafore%*s pou y%tan du%skolo na enwthei% y mia me me tyn
   a%lly oma%da. Epiple%on, oi duo oma%de*s ei%xan kai diaforetikou%*s
   sto%xou*s o%pw*s tha dou%me paraka%tw. To 1996 dymiourgy%thyke to OpenBSD
   apo% to NetBSD kai to 2003 dymiourgy%thyke to DragonFlyBSD apo% to
   FreeBSD.

3. Giati% den ei%nai to BSD pio gnwsto%;

   Gia dia%forou*s lo%gou*s, to BSD ei%nai sxetika% a%gnwsto:

    1. Autoi% pou anaptu%ssoun to BSD asxolou%ntai suxna% perisso%tero me to
       na diorthw%noun ton kw%dika% tou*s para% me to na ton diafymi%zoun.

    2. Arkety% apo% tyn dymosio%tyta tou Linux ofei%letai se para%gonte*s
       ecwterikou%*s (se sxe%sy me autou%*s pou anaptu%ssoun to Linux),
       o%pw*s sta me%sa enyme%rwsy*s, kai se etairei%e*s pou e%xoun ftiaxtei%
       gia na pare%xoun upyresi%e*s basisme%ne*s se Linux. Me%xri pro%sfata,
       ta open source BSD den ei%xan te%toiou*s diafymiste%*s.

    3. Autoi% pou anaptu%ssoun to BSD tei%noun na ei%nai pio e%mpeiroi apo%
       tou*s xry%ste*s tou Linux kai den tou*s endiafe%rei to%so polu% na to
       ka%noun eu%kolo sty xry%sy. Oi kainou%rioi xry%ste*s e%xoun tyn ta%sy
       na aistha%nontai pio a%neta me to Linux.

    4. To 1992, y AT&T e%kane my%nusy styn BSDI, tyn etairei%a pou ane%ptusse
       to BSD/386, katygorw%nta*s tyn o%ti to projo%n periei%xe kw%dika tou
       opoi%ou ta pneumatika% dikaiw%mata any%kan styn AT&T. Y upo%thesy
       kanoni%styke ekto%*s dikastyri%ou to 1994, alla% to fa%ntasma ty*s
       my%nusy*s ako%ma sunexi%zei na troma%zei ton ko%smo. Ako%ma kai
       sxetika% pro%sfata, ton Ma%rtio tou 2000, e%na a%rthro pou bgy%ke ston
       pagko%smio isto% upostyri%zei o%ti y upo%thesy e%kleise me <<pro%sfato
       diakanonismo%>>.

       Mia leptome%reia pou y my%nusy cekatha%rise ei%nai y kata%stasy twn
       onoma%twn: kata% ty dia%rkeia ty*s dekaeti%a*s tou'80, to BSD y%tan
       gnwsto% w*s <<BSD UNIX(R)>>. Me tyn afai%resy ako%ma kai tou
       teleutai%ou kommatiou% kw%dika apo% tyn AT&T, e%xase kai to dikai%wma
       sto o%noma UNIX(R). E%tsi tha dei%te anafore%*s se bibli%a me
       ti%tlou*s o%pw*s <<the 4.3BSD UNIX(R) operating system>> kai <<the
       4.4BSD operating system>>.

    5. Upa%rxei y entu%pwsy pw*s ta BSD leitourgika% susty%mata ei%nai
       kommatiasme%na kai antimaxo%mena. Y Wall Street Journal milou%se gia
       <<balkanization>> twn oma%dwn ana%ptucy*s tou BSD. Akribw%*s o%pw*s
       kai y my%nusy, auty% y entu%pwsy basi%zetai kuri%w*s se palie%*s
       istori%e*s.

4. Su%gkrisy tou BSD me to Linux

   Telika% poia ei%nai y diafora% metacu%, a*s pou%me, tou Debian Linux kai
   tou FreeBSD; Gia ton me%so xry%sty, y diafora% ei%nai styn pragmatiko%tyta
   mikry%: kai ta duo ei%nai leitourgika% susty%mata pou moia%zoun me to
   UNIX(R). Kai ta duo anaptu%ssontai apo% my emporike%*s koino%tyte*s (auto%
   den isxu%ei gia polle%*s a%lle*s dianome%*s tou Linux fusika%). Sti*s
   epo%mene*s paragra%fou*s, tha pou%me li%ga pra%gmata gia to BSD kai tha to
   sugkri%noume me to Linux. Y perigrafy% tairia%zei pio polu% sto FreeBSD,
   to opoi%o ei%nai peri%pou to 80% twn egkatestyme%nwn BSD, alla% oi
   diafore%*s apo% to NetBSD, to OpenBSD kai to DragonFlyBSD ei%nai mikre%*s.

  4.1. Se poion any%kei to BSD;

   Den upa%rxei e%na a%tomo y% organismo%*s ston opoi%o na any%kei to BSD.
   Anaptu%ssetai kai diane%metai apo% mia koino%tyta programmatistw%n apo%
   o%lo ton ko%smo pou e%xoun arkete%*s gnw%sei*s kai ei%nai afosiwme%noi
   styn ana%ptucy% tou. Ka%poia apo% ta komma%tia tou BSD ei%nai aneca%rtyta
   Open Source projects pou suntyrou%ntai apo% ka%poia diaforetiky% oma%da y%
   a%tomo.

  4.2. Pw*s anaptu%ssetai kai enymerw%netai to BSD;

   Oi BSD pury%ne*s anaptu%ssontai akolouthw%nta*s to Open Source monte%lo
   ana%ptucy*s. Ka%the oma%da diatyrei% e%na de%ntro pygai%ou kw%dika sto
   opoi%o e%xoun o%loi pro%sbasy, xrysimopoiw%nta*s to Concurrent Versions
   System (CVS). To de%ntro pygai%ou kw%dika perie%xei o%lo ton pygai%o
   kw%dika gia ta arxei%a tou susty%mato*s, kathw%*s kai tekmyri%wsy y% a%lla
   sxetika% arxei%a. To CVS epitre%pei stou*s xry%ste*s na <<eca%goun>> (me
   a%lla lo%gia na pa%roun e%na anti%grafo) opoiasdy%pote e%kdosy*s tou
   susty%mato*s.

   E%na*s mega%lo*s arithmo%*s programmatistw%n apo% o%lo ton ko%smo
   suneisfe%roun me beltiw%sei*s gia to BSD. Xwri%zontai se trei*s
   katygori%e*s:

     * Oi Contributors gra%foun kw%dika y% tekmyri%wsy. Den e%xoun dikai%wma
       na ka%noun commit (na prosthe%soun kw%dika) apeuthei%a*s ston pygai%o
       kw%dika. Gia na mpei o kw%dika%*s tou*s sto su%styma pre%pei na
       pera%sei apo% e%legxo kai na dokimastei% apo% ka%poion programmatisty%
       pou e%xei te%toia dikaiw%mata, o opoi%o*s le%getai kai committer.

     * Oi Committers ei%nai programmatiste%*s me dikai%wma na prosthe%toun
       pra%gmata apeuthei%a*s ston pygai%o kw%dika. Gia na gi%nei ka%poio*s
       committer pre%pei na dei%cei o%ti e%xei ikano%tyte*s se ka%poio
       sugkekrime%no tome%a, ston opoi%o ei%nai energo%*s.

       Afy%netai styn diakritiko%tyta tou committer to an tha pre%pei na
       pa%rei a%deia prin ka%nei allage%*s se e%na sugkekrime%no me%ro*s tou
       pygai%ou kw%dika. Genika%, e%na*s e%mpeiro*s committer mporei% na
       ka%nei allage%*s pou ei%nai profanw%*s swste%*s xwri%*s na zyty%sei
       a%deia. Gia para%deigma, e%na*s committer apo% tyn oma%da
       tekmyri%wsy*s mporei% na diorthw%nei orthografika% y% grammatika%
       la%thy xwri%*s na zyty%sei epibebai%wsy. Apo% tyn a%lly,
       programmatiste%*s pou ka%noun mega%le*s y% peri%ploke*s allage%*s tha
       pre%pei na di%noun ka%pw*s ti*s allage%*s tou*s stou*s a%llou*s gia
       e%legxo prin ka%noun commit. Se ecairetike%*s periptw%sei*s, e%na
       me%lo*s ty*s basiky%*s oma%da*s (core team) me tyn idio%tyta tou
       Principal Architect mporei% na apaity%sei oi allage%*s na afairethou%n
       apo% ton pygai%o kw%dika, mia diadikasi%a pou le%getai backing out.
       O%loi oi committers pai%rnoun mail pou perigra%foun ka%the cexwristy%
       allagy% pou gi%netai commit, opo%te den ei%nai dunato%n na prostethei%
       ka%ti krufa%.

     * Y Core team. Te%lo*s, to FreeBSD kai to NetBSD e%xoun to kathe%na mia
       basiky% oma%da (core team) pou e%xei tyn diaxei%risy tou susty%mato*s.
       Y basiky% oma%da e%xei anaptuxthei% styn porei%a tou project, kai o
       ro%lo*s ty*s den ei%nai pa%nta safw%*s kathorisme%no*s. Den ei%nai
       aparai%tyto na ei%nai ka%poio*s programmatisty%*s, an kai suny%thw*s
       ta me%ly ty*s basiky%*s oma%da*s ei%nai apo% ta a%toma pou
       anaptu%ssoun to BSD. Oi kano%ne*s gia tyn basiky% oma%da diafe%roun
       apo% to e%na project sto a%llo, alla% genika% y gnw%my ty*s basiky%*s
       oma%da*s metra%ei perisso%tero styn kateu%thunsy tou project apo%
       auty% twn upo%loipwn.

   Auty% y orga%nwsy diafe%rei apo% auty% tou Linux se dia%fora symei%a:

    1. Den upa%rxei e%na monadiko% a%tomo pou na ele%gxei ta periexo%mena tou
       susty%mato*s. Praktika%, auty% y diafora% uperektima%tai, afou% o
       Principal Architect mporei% na apaity%sei ka%poio*s kw%dika*s na
       afairethei%, kai ako%ma kai sto Linux upa%rxoun arketa% a%toma pou
       tou*s epitre%petai na ka%noun allage%*s.

    2. Apo% tyn a%lly, upa%rxei e%na kentriko% repository, e%na me%ro*s pou
       mporei%te na brei%te olo%klyro to leitourgiko% su%styma se morfy%
       pygai%ou kw%dika, se opoiady%pote e%kdosy, ako%ma kai palio%tere*s.

    3. Ta BSD project suntyrou%n olo%klyro to <<Leitourgiko% Su%styma>>, ki
       o%xi mo%no ton pury%na. Auty% y diafora% ei%nai mo%no oriaka%
       xry%simy. Ou%te to BSD, ou%te to Linux den ei%nai polu% xry%sima
       xwri%*s efarmoge%*s. Oi efarmoge%*s pou xrysimopoiou%ntai sto BSD
       ei%nai suxna% oi i%die*s efarmoge%*s pou xrysimopoiou%ntai ka%tw apo%
       to Linux.

    4. San apote%lesma ty*s kentriky%*s kai safw%*s orisme%ny*s sunty%rysy*s
       eno%*s CVS de%ntrou pygai%ou kw%dika, y ana%ptucy tou BSD ei%nai
       ceka%thary, kai ei%nai eu%koly y pro%sbasy se opoiady%pote e%kdosy tou
       susty%mato*s ei%te me arithmo% e%kdosy*s, ei%te me ymeromyni%a. To CVS
       epi%sy*s epitre%pei athroistike%*s allage%*s sto su%styma. Gia
       para%deigma, to repository tou FreeBSD enymerw%netai peri%pou 100
       fore%*s ty me%ra. Oi pio polle%*s apo% aute%*s ti*s allage%*s ei%nai
       mikre%*s.

  4.3. Ekdo%sei*s tou BSD

   Oi oma%de*s ana%ptucy*s twn FreeBSD, NetBSD kai OpenBSD diathe%toun to
   su%styma se trei*s diaforetike%*s <<ekdo%sei*s>>. O%pw*s kai me to Linux,
   se ka%the e%kdosy di%netai e%na*s arithmo%*s, p.x. 1.4.1 y% 3.5. Ekto%*s
   apo% auto%, o arithmo%*s ty*s e%kdosy*s e%xei e%na epi%thema, to opoi%o
   upodylw%nei to skopo% ty*s e%kdosy*s:

    1. Y peiramatiky% e%kdosy tou susty%mato*s le%getai CURRENT. To FreeBSD
       ori%zei e%na arithmo% e%kdosy*s gia to CURRENT, gia para%deigma
       FreeBSD 5.0-CURRENT. To NetBSD xrysimopoiei% e%na ka%pw*s diaforetiko%
       tro%po onomatologi%a*s kai prosthe%tei gra%mma sto te%lo*s tou
       arithmou% e%kdosy*s to opoi%o antistoixei% se allage%*s eswterikw%n
       leitourgiw%n, gia para%deigma NetBSD 1.4.3G. To OpenBSD den ori%zei
       ka%poio arithmo% (<<OpenBSD-current>>). Y ana%ptucy kainou%riwn
       pragma%twn pa%nta gi%netai se auto%n ton kla%do.

    2. Se takta% xronika% diasty%mata, apo% duo me%xri kai te%sserei*s
       fore%*s to xro%no, ta project anakoinw%noun mia RELEASE e%kdosy tou
       susty%mato*s, y opoi%a diati%thetai se CD-ROM kai mporei% ka%poio*s na
       tyn kateba%sei apo% FTP ecupyretyte%*s, gia para%deigma anakoinw%netai
       to OpenBSD 2.6-RELEASE y% to NetBSD 1.4-RELEASE. Y RELEASE e%kdosy
       apeuthu%netai se telikou%*s xry%ste*s, kai ei%nai y kanoniky% morfy%
       tou susty%mato*s. To NetBSD diathe%tei epi%sy*s kai patch ekdo%sei*s
       me e%na tri%to qyfi%o, o%pw*s gia para%deigma tyn NetBSD 1.4.2.

    3. Kathw%*s probly%mata bri%skontai se ka%poia RELEASE e%kdosy,
       diorthw%nontai, kai oi allage%*s prosti%thentai sto CVS. Sto FreeBSD,
       to apote%lesma onoma%zetai y STABLE e%kdosy, enw% sto NetBSD kai sto
       OpenBSD sunexi%zei na le%getai y RELEASE e%kdosy. Mikra% kainou%ria
       xaraktyristika% mporei% na prostethou%n kai se auto%n ton kla%do meta%
       apo% mia dokimastiky% peri%odo ston CURRENT kla%do.

   To Linux, se anti%thesy, suntyrei% duo cexwrista% de%ntra pygai%ou
   kw%dika. Tyn stathery% kai tyn peiramatiky% e%kdosy. Oi stathere%*s
   ekdo%sei*s e%xoun e%na zugo% arithmo% e%kdosy*s, o%pw*s 2.0, 2.2 y% 2.4.
   Oi peiramatike%*s ekdo%sei*s e%xoun peritto% arithmo% e%kdosy*s, o%pw*s
   2.1, 2.3 y% 2.5. Se ka%the peri%ptwsy, o arithmo%*s akolouthei%tai apo%
   e%na ako%ma arithmo% pou upodeiknu%ei tyn akriby% e%kdosy. Ako%ma, ka%the
   dianome%a*s prosthe%tei ta dika% tou progra%mmata xry%sty kai ergalei%a,
   opo%te to o%noma ty*s dianomy%*s ei%nai epi%sy*s symantiko%. Ka%the
   dianome%a*s epi%sy*s prosthe%tei ton diko% tou arithmo% styn dianomy%,
   opo%te mia ply%ry*s perigrafy% mporei% na ei%nai ka%ti san <<TurboLinux
   6.0 me pury%na 2.2.14>>

  4.4. Ti ekdo%sei*s tou BSD ei%nai diathe%sime*s;

   Se anti%thesy me ti*s dianome%*s tou Linux, upa%rxoun mo%no te%ssera
   diaforetika% open source BSD. Ka%the BSD oma%da suntyrei% ton diko% ty*s
   pygai%o kw%dika kai ton diko% ty*s pury%na. Praktika%, fusika%, upa%rxoun
   polu% ligo%tere*s diafore%*s sta progra%mmata xry%sty twn BSD oma%dwn apo%
   o%ti upa%rxoun sto Linux.

   Ei%nai du%skolo na katygoriopoiythou%n oi skopoi% ty*s ka%the BSD
   oma%da*s. Oi diafore%*s ei%nai polu% upokeimenike%*s. Basika%,

     * To FreeBSD e%xei w*s sto%xo tyn uqyly% apo%dosy kai tyn eukoli%a
       xry%sy*s apo% tou*s telikou%*s xry%ste*s. Ei%nai epi%sy*s to
       agapyme%no twn upyresiw%n paroxy%*s periexome%nou ston pagko%smio
       isto%. Tre%xei se arkete%*s platfo%rme*s: susty%mata basisme%na styn
       i386(TM) arxitektoniky% (<<PC>>), susty%mata basisme%na stou*s AMD
       64-bit epecergaste%*s, susty%mata basisme%na styn arxitektoniky%
       UltraSPARC(R), susty%mata me epecergaste%*s Alpha ty*s Compaq kai
       susty%mata basisme%na sto pro%tupo PC-98 ty*s NEC. To FreeBSD e%xei
       symantika% perisso%terou*s xry%ste*s apo% ta a%lla projects.

     * To NetBSD stoxeu%ei styn me%gisty metafersimo%tyta: <<ma fusika% kai
       tre%xei NetBSD>>. Tre%xei se myxane%*s apo% upologiste%*s xeiro%*s
       me%xri mega%lou*s ecupyretyte%*s, kai e%xei xrysimopoiythei% ako%ma
       kai se apostole%*s ty*s NASA. Ei%nai mia polu% kaly% epilogy% gia
       palio% my-Intel(R) hardware.

     * To OpenBSD di%nei mega%ly symasi%a styn asfa%leia kai styn
       katharo%tyta tou kw%dika: xrysimopoiei% e%na sunduasmo% apo% ide%e*s
       open source kai leptomery% e%legxo tou kw%dika gia na ftia%cei e%na
       su%styma pou ei%nai olofa%nera swsto%, ka%ti pou to ka%nei na ei%nai y
       epilogy% twn organismw%n pou di%noun symasi%a styn asfa%leia, o%pw*s
       tra%peze*s, xrymatisty%ria kai pararty%mata ty*s kube%rnysy*s twn YPA.
       O%pw*s kai to NetBSD tre%xei se arkete%*s platfo%rme*s.

     * To DragonFlyBSD stoxeu%ei styn ana%ptucy eno%*s susty%mato*s mega%ly*s
       apo%dosy*s kai scalability se otidy%pote apo% e%na aplo% su%styma
       eno%*s epecergasty% me%xri tera%stia clusters sustyma%twn. To
       DragonFlyBSD e%xei arketou%*s sto%xou*s eurei%a*s embe%leia*s, alla%
       me%xri tw%ra oi prospa%theie*s ty*s oma%da*s ana%ptucy%*s tou
       epikentrw%nontai styn ulopoi%ysy mia*s SMP platfo%rma*s pou ei%nai
       eu%kolo na katanoythei%, na suntyrythei% kai eunoei% tyn peraite%rw
       ana%ptucy.

   Upa%rxoun ako%my kai du%o BSD leitourgika% susty%mata pou den ei%nai open
   source, to BSD/OS kai to Mac OS(R) X ty*s Apple:

     * To BSD/OS ei%nai to pio palio% apo% ta basisme%na sto 4.4BSD
       leitourgika% susty%mata. Den y%tan open source, paro%lo pou a%deie*s
       pygai%ou kw%dika y%tan diathe%sime*s me sxetika% xamylo% ko%sto*s.
       E%moiaze polu% me to FreeBSD. Du%o xro%nia meta% tyn ecagora% ty*s
       BSDi apo% ty Wind River Systems, to BSD/OS ape%tuxe na epibiw%sei san
       aneca%rtyto projo%n. Mporei% ako%ma na ei%nai diathe%simy uposty%ricy
       kai pygai%o*s kw%dika*s apo% tyn Wind River, alla% o%ly y ana%ptucy
       gi%netai ple%on sto embedded leitourgiko% su%styma VxWorks.

     * To Mac OS(R) X ei%nai y pio pro%sfaty e%kdosy tou leitourgikou%
       susty%mato*s gia tyn grammy% upologistw%n Macintosh(R) ty*s Apple
       Computer Inc. O pury%na*s tou leitourgikou% susty%mato*s, o opoi%o*s
       ei%nai basisme%no*s sto BSD kai le%getai Darwin, ei%nai diathe%simo*s
       w*s e%na ply%re*s leitourgiko% su%styma anoixtou% kw%dika gia
       upologiste%*s x86 kai PPC. To su%styma grafikw%n Aqua/Quartz kai
       polla% a%lla emporika% me%ry tou Mac OS(R) X den ei%nai diathe%sima se
       morfy% pygai%ou kw%dika. Arketa% me%ly ty*s oma%da*s ana%ptucy*s tou
       Darwin summete%xoun styn ana%ptucy tou FreeBSD ki ana%poda.

  4.5. Ti diafora% e%xei y a%deia tou BSD apo% tyn GNU Public a%deia;

   To Linux diati%thetai su%mfwna me tou*s o%rou*s ty*s GNU General Public
   License (GPL), y opoi%a ei%nai sxediasme%ny gia na apoklei%sei to
   my-eleu%thero logismiko%. Eidiko%tera, opoiody%pote projo%n basisme%no se
   ka%poio projo%n diathe%simo su%mfwna me tou*s o%rou*s ty*s GPL pre%pei ki
   auto% na di%netai se morfy% pygai%ou kw%dika an zytythei%. Anti%theta, y
   BSD a%deia ei%nai ligo%tero perioristiky%: dianome%*s oi opoi%e*s ei%nai
   diathe%sime*s mo%no se ektele%simy morfy% epitre%pontai. Auto% ei%nai
   polu% xry%simo se embedded efarmoge%*s.

  4.6. Ti% a%llo tha% 'prepe na ce%rw;

   Epeidy% ligo%tere*s efarmoge%*s ei%nai diathe%sime*s gia BSD apo% o%ti gia
   Linux, oi programmatiste%*s tou BSD e%graqan e%na pake%to sumbato%tyta*s
   me to Linux, pou epitre%pei se progra%mmata gia Linux na tre%coun ka%tw
   apo% BSD. To pake%to perilamba%nei to%so allage%*s ston pury%na, e%tsi
   w%ste na ektelou%ntai swsta% oi kly%sei*s susty%mato*s tou Linux, o%so kai
   arxei%a sumbato%tyta*s me to Linux o%pw*s y bibliothy%ky ty*s C. Den
   upa%rxei praktika% diafora% styn taxu%tyta ekte%lesy*s metacu% mia*s
   efarmogy%*s gia Linux pou tre%xei se e%na Linux myxa%nyma kai mia*s
   efarmogy%*s gia Linux pou tre%xei se e%na BSD myxa%nyma i%dia*s
   taxu%tyta*s.

   Y logiky% tou BSD, <<o%la apo% mia pygy%>>, symai%nei o%ti oi
   anabathmi%sei*s ei%nai polu% pio eu%kole*s na gi%noun apo% o%ti sto Linux.
   To BSD pare%xei epi%sy*s kai bibliothy%ke*s sumbato%tyta*s me palio%tere*s
   ekdo%sei*s, opo%te mporei%te na tre%xete ektele%sima pou ei%nai arketa%
   xro%nia palia% xwri%*s probly%mata.

  4.7. Ti protei%nete na xrysimopoiy%sw, BSD y% Linux;

   Ki auto% ti upoti%thetai o%ti symai%nei praktika%; Poio*s tha% 'prepe na
   xrysimopoiei% BSD, kai poio*s tha% 'prepe na xrysimopoiei% Linux;

   Auty% ei%nai mia polu% du%skoly erw%tysy na apanty%sei kanei%*s. A*s
   dou%me merike%*s genike%*s odygi%e*s:

     * <<An den e%xei xala%sei, myn to ftia%cete>>: An y%dy xrysimopoiei%te
       ka%poio open source leitourgiko% su%styma, kai ei%ste ikanopoiyme%noi
       apo% auto%, ma%llon den upa%rxei kane%na*s kalo%*s lo%go*s na to
       alla%cete.

     * Ta BSD susty%mata, kai eidika% to FreeBSD, mporou%n na e%xoun
       aciosymei%wta kalu%tery apo%dosy apo% to Linux. Alla% auto% den
       isxu%ei pa%nta. Se polle%*s periptw%sei*s, den upa%rxei diafora% styn
       apo%dosy y% ei%nai polu% mikry%. Se merike%*s periptw%sei*s mporei% to
       Linux na apodi%dei kalu%tera apo% to FreeBSD.

     * Genika%, ta BSD susty%mata e%xoun kalu%tery fy%my o%son afora% styn
       aciopisti%a pou e%xoun, kuri%w*s san apote%lesma ty*s pio w%rimy*s
       ba%sy*s kw%dika.

     * Ta BSD susty%mata e%xoun ty fy%my o%ti e%xoun pio poiotiky% kai
       oloklyrwme%ny tekmyri%wsy. Oi dia%fore*s oma%de*s tekmyri%wsy*s
       prospathou%n na pare%xoun enymerwme%ny tekmyri%wsy se polle%*s
       glw%sse*s, na kratou%n tyn tekmyri%wsy enymerwme%ny kai na kalu%ptoun
       ka%the xaraktyristiko% tou susty%mato*s se ba%tho*s.

     * Y BSD a%deia mporei% na sa*s are%sei perisso%tero apo% tyn GPL.

     * To BSD mporei% na tre%cei e%na mega%lo pososto% apo% ta ektele%sima
       twn programma%twn gia Linux, enw% to Linux de mporei% na tre%cei BSD
       ektele%sima. Polle%*s BSD ulopoiy%sei*s mporou%n na tre%coun ako%my ki
       ektele%sima apo% a%lla UNIX(R) susty%mata. Auto% pithano%n na e%xei
       w*s apote%lesma y meta%basy apo% ka%poio a%llo su%styma se BSD na
       ei%nai pio eu%koly apo% o%ti se Linux.

       To BSD mporei% na tre%cei ektele%sima tou Linux, enw% to Linux den
       mporei% na ektele%sei progra%mmata gia BSD. San apote%lesma,
       perisso%tero logismiko% ei%nai diathe%simo gia BSD apo% o%ti gia
       Linux.

  4.8. Poio*s pare%xei uposty%ricy, service kai ekpai%deusy gia to BSD;

   Y BSDi / FreeBSD Mall, Inc. pa%nta parei%xe uposty%ricy gia to BSD/OS kai
   pro%sfata anakoi%nwse o%ti pare%xei sumbo%laia uposty%ricy*s kai gia to
   FreeBSD.

   Epi%sy*s, ka%the e%na apo% ta BSD e%xei mia li%sta me consultants pou
   mporei%te na prosla%bete: gia to FreeBSD, to NetBSD, kai to OpenBSD.
