       Odygo%*s Gry%gory*s Ekki%nysy*s tou FreeBSD gia Xry%ste*s Linux(R)

  John Ferrell

   Anathew%rysy: 43184

   Pneumatika% Dikaiw%mata (c) 2008 Y Oma%da Tekmyri%wsy*s tou FreeBSD

   To FreeBSD ei%nai e%na katoxurwme%no emporiko% su%mbolo tou FreeBSD
   Foundation.

   To Linux ei%nai e%na katoxurwme%na emporiko% su%mbolo tou Linus Torvalds
   sti*s Ynwme%ne*s Politei%e*s.

   Oi le%cei*s Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium,
   kai Xeon ei%nai emporika% su%mbola y% katoxurwme%na emporika% su%mbola
   ty*s Intel Corporation kai twn thugatrikw%n ty*s sti*s Ynwme%ne*s
   Politei%e*s kai se a%lle*s xw%re*s.

   Oi le%cei*s y% fra%sei*s Red Hat, kai RPM ei%nai emporika% su%mbola y%
   katoxurwme%na emporika% su%mbola ty*s Red Hat, Inc. sti*s Ynwme%ne*s
   Politei%e*s kai se a%lle*s xw%re*s.

   Y le%cy UNIX ei%nai katoxurwme%no emporiko% su%mbolo tou Open Group sti*s
   Ynwme%ne*s Politei%e*s kai se a%lle*s xw%re*s.

   Polle%*s apo% ti*s le%cei*s y% fra%sei*s oi opoi%e*s xrysimopoiou%ntai
   apo% tou*s kataskeuaste%*s y% tou*s pwlyte%*s tou*s gia na diakri%noun ta
   projo%nta tou*s thewrou%ntai emporika% su%mbola. O%pou aute%*s
   emfani%zontai se auto% to kei%meno kai gia o%se*s apo% aute%*s gnwri%zei y
   Oma%da Ana%ptucy*s tou FreeBSD o%ti ei%nai pithano%n na ei%nai emporika%
   su%mbola, tha dei%te e%na apo% ta su%mbola: <<(TM)>> y% <<(R)>>.

   2013-11-13 apo% hrs.
   Peri%lyqy

   To kei%meno auto% e%xei skopo% na boythy%sei sty gry%gory ecoikei%wsy
   xrystw%n Linux(R) me%sou / proxwryme%nou epipe%dou me ti*s basike%*s
   e%nnoie*s tou FreeBSD

   [ HTML se tmy%mata / HTML se e%na tmy%ma ]

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

   Pi%naka*s Periexome%nwn

   1. Eisagwgy%

   2. Kelu%fy: Den upa%rxei Bash;

   3. Pake%ta kai Ports: Prosthe%tonta*s logismiko% sto FreeBSD

   4. Ekki%nysy tou Susty%mato*s: Pou ei%nai ta run-levels;

   5. Ru%thmisy Diktu%ou

   6. Firewall

   7. Anabathmi%zonta*s to FreeBSD

   8. procfs: Perasme%no alla% o%xi Cexasme%no

   9. Sunythisme%ne*s Entole%*s

   10. Sumpera%smata

1. Eisagwgy%

   To kei%meno auto% toni%zei ti*s diafore%*s metacu% tou FreeBSD kai tou
   Linux(R) w%ste me%soi y% proxwryme%noi xry%ste*s tou Linux(R) na mporou%n
   gry%gora na prosarmostou%n sti*s basike%*s e%nnoie*s tou FreeBSD.
   Pro%keitai gia mia texniky% eisagwgy% sto FreeBSD, kai den tha
   anaferthou%me se tuxo%n <<filosofike%*s>> diafore%*s metacu% twn du%o
   sustyma%twn.

   To kei%meno auto% upothe%tei o%ti e%xete y%dy egkatasty%sei to FreeBSD. An
   den e%xete egkatasty%sei to FreeBSD y% xreia%zeste boy%theia me tyn
   diadikasi%a egkata%stasy*s tou, parakalou%me na diaba%sete to kefa%laio
   Egkathistw%nta*s to FreeBSD sto Egxeiri%dio tou FreeBSD.

2. Kelu%fy: Den upa%rxei Bash;

   O%soi e%rxontai apo% to Linux(R) suxna% ekply%ssontai o%tan anakalu%ptoun
   o%ti to Bash den ei%nai to proepilegme%no ke%lufo*s sto FreeBSD. Styn
   pragmatiko%tyta, to Bash den upa%rxei kan styn basiky% dianomy% tou
   FreeBSD. Anti%theta, to FreeBSD xrysimopoiei% to tcsh(1) w*s to
   proepilegme%no ke%lufo*s. To Bash kathw%*s kai a%lla kelu%fy pou i%sw*s
   the%lete na egkatasty%sete, ei%nai diathe%sima sty Sullogy% Pake%twn kai
   Ports tou FreeBSD.

   An egkatasty%sete diaforetika% kelu%fy, mporei%te na xrysimopoiy%sete tyn
   entoly% chsh(1) gia na alla%cete to proepilegme%no ke%lufo*s ka%poiou
   xry%sty. Sa*s sunistou%me wsto%so na afy%sete to ke%lufo*s tou root sto
   proepilegme%no. O lo%go*s gia auto% ei%nai o%ti ta kelu%fy pou den
   perilamba%nontai styn basiky% dianomy% tou FreeBSD, egkathi%stantai styn
   topothesi%a /usr/local/bin y% /usr/bin. Se peri%ptwsy probly%mato*s,
   ei%nai pithano%n ta susty%mata arxei%wn o%pou bri%skontai ta
   /usr/local/bin kai /usr/bin na myn mporou%n na prosartythou%n. Styn
   peri%ptwsy auty%, o root den tha ei%xe pro%sbasy sto proepilegme%no tou
   ke%lufo*s, empodi%zonta*s e%tsi kai tyn ei%sodo tou sto su%styma. Gia to
   lo%go auto%, upa%rxei e%na*s deu%tero*s logariasmo%*s o%moio*s me ton
   root, o toor, o opoi%o*s dymiourgy%thyke eidika% gia na xrysimopoiei%tai
   me ka%poio a%llo ke%lufo*s. Dei%te ti*s Suxne%*s Erwty%sei*s Asfalei%a*s
   sxetika% me ton logariasmo% toor.

3. Pake%ta kai Ports: Prosthe%tonta*s logismiko% sto FreeBSD

   Ekto%*s apo% tyn paradosiaky% me%thodo egkata%stasy*s logismikou% tou
   UNIX(R) (kate%basma tou pygai%ou kw%dika, aposumpi%esy tou arxei%ou,
   epecergasi%a kai metaglw%ttisy), to FreeBSD prosfe%rei du%o ako%ma
   metho%dou*s gia tyn egkata%stasy efarmogw%n: ta pake%ta kai ta ports. Gia
   mia ply%ry li%sta o%lwn twn diathe%simwn pake%twn kai ports, dei%te edw%.

  3.1. Pake%ta

   Ta pake%ta ei%nai pro-metaglwttisme%ne*s efarmoge%*s, tha le%game to
   anti%stoixo gia to FreeBSD twn arxei%wn .deb se susty%mata Debian/Ubuntu
   kai twn arxei%wn .rpm se susty%mata Red Hat/Fedora. Ta pake%ta
   egkathi%stantai xrysimopoiw%nta*s tyn entoly% pkg_add(1). Gia para%deigma,
   y ako%louthy entoly% egkathista% ton Apache 2.2:

 # pkg_add /tmp/apache-2.2.6_2.tbz

   Y xry%sy ty*s parame%trou -r odygei% tyn pkg_add(1) na kateba%sei
   auto%mata to%so to pake%to, o%so kai ti*s ecarty%sei*s tou, kai na to
   egkatasty%sei:

 # pkg_add -r apache22
 Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/Latest/apache22.tbz... Done.
 Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/expat-2.0.0_1.tbz... Done.
 Fetching ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6.2-release/All/perl-5.8.8_1.tbz... Done.
 [snip]

 To run apache www server from startup, add apache22_enable="YES"
 in your /etc/rc.conf. Extra options can be found in startup script.

  Symei%wsy:

   An xrysimopoiei%te mia <<epi%symy>> e%kdosy tou FreeBSD (6.2, 6.3, 7.0,
   klp. pou genika% mporei%te na egkatasty%sete apo% CD-ROM) y entoly%
   pkg_add -r tha kateba%sei ta pake%ta pou ftia%xtykan gia auty% ty
   sugkekrime%ny e%kdosy. Ta pake%ta auta% i%sw*s den perie%xoun ti*s ple%on
   teleutai%e*s ekdo%sei*s twn efarmogw%n. Mporei%te na xrysimopoiy%sete tyn
   metablyty% periba%llonto*s PACKAGESITE gia na paraka%mqete auty% tyn
   proepilegme%ny sumperifora%. Gia para%deigma, the%tonta*s tyn PACKAGESITE
   styn timy%
   ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-6-stable/Latest/ tha
   kateba%sete ta pio pro%sfata pake%ta pou upa%rxoun gia ty seira% 6.X.

   Gia perisso%tere*s plyrofori%e*s sxetika% me ta pake%ta, parakalou%me
   diaba%ste tyn eno%tyta 4.4 sto Egxeiri%dio tou FreeBSD: Xrysimopoiw%nta*s
   to Su%styma Packages.

  3.2. Ports

   Y deu%tery me%thodo*s gia tyn egkata%stasy efarmogw%n sto FreeBSD ei%nai y
   Sullogy% twn Ports. Y Sullogy% twn Ports ei%nai e%na plai%sio leitourgiw%n
   pou apotelei%tai apo% Makefiles kai arxei%a diaforw%n (patches) ta opoi%a
   e%xoun dymiourgythei% eidika%, w%ste na ei%nai dunaty% y egkata%stasy
   dia%forwn efarmogw%n sto FreeBSD apo% ton pygai%o kw%dika tou*s. O%tan
   egkathista%te e%na port, to su%styma tha kateba%sei ton pygai%o kw%dika,
   tha efarmo%sei o%le*s ti*s apaitou%mene*s allage%*s xrysimopoiw%nta*s ta
   patches, tha metaglwtti%sei ton kw%dika, kai te%lo*s tha egkatasty%sei tyn
   efarmogy%. THa akolouthy%sei tyn i%dia diadikasi%a kai gia opoiady%pote
   tuxo%n ecartw%mena progra%mmata.

   Mporei%te na brei%te tyn Sullogy% twn Ports (y opoi%a merike%*s fore%*s
   anafe%retai kai w*s <<de%ntro twn ports>>), ston kata%logo /usr/ports.
   Auto% be%baia prov*pothe%tei o%ti egkatasty%sate tyn Sullogy% twn Ports
   kata% ty dia%rkeia ty*s egkata%stasy*s tou FreeBSD. An den to e%xete
   ka%nei, mporei%te na tyn prosthe%sete apo% to CD egkata%stasy*s me tyn
   boy%theia tou sysinstall(8) y% na tyn kateba%sete apo% tou*s
   ecupyretyte%*s tou FreeBSD xrysimopoiw%nta*s tyn entoly% csup(1) y% tyn
   entoly% portsnap(8). Mporei%te na brei%te leptomerei%*s odygi%e*s gia tyn
   egkata%stasy ty*s Sullogy%*s twn Ports styn eno%tyta 4.5.1 tou
   egxeiridi%ou.

   Y egkata%stasy eno%*s port ei%nai genika% to%so aply% o%so to na
   eise%lthete ston kata%logo tou kai na cekiny%sete tyn diadikasi%a
   metaglw%ttisy*s. Sto ako%loutho para%deigma gi%netai egkata%stasy tou
   Apache 2.2 apo% tyn Sullogy% twn Ports:

 # cd /usr/ports/www/apache22
 # make install clean

   E%na symantiko% pleone%ktyma ty*s xry%sy*s ports styn egkata%stasy
   logismikou% ei%nai y ikano%tyta prosarmogy%*s twn epilogw%n
   egkata%stasy*s. Gia para%deigma, o%tan egkathista%te ton Apache 2.2 apo%
   ta ports mporei%te na energopoiy%sete tyn epilogy% mod_ldap the%tonta*s
   aplw%*s timy% sty metablyty% WITH_LDAP tou make(1):

 # cd /usr/ports/www/apache22
 # make WITH_LDAP="YES" install clean

   Diaba%ste tyn eno%tyta 4.5 tou Egxeiridi%ou tou FreeBSD, Xrysimopoiw%nta*s
   tyn Ports Collection, gia perisso%tere*s plyrofori%e*s sxetika% me ty
   Sullogy% twn Ports.

  3.3. Ports y% pake%ta, ti pre%pei na xrysimopoiy%sw;

   Ta pake%ta ei%nai styn pragmatiko%tyta aplw%*s pro-metaglwttisme%na ports,
   a%ra ei%nai perisso%tero the%ma epilogy%*s an ei%nai epithumyty% y
   egkata%stasy apo% ton pygai%o kw%dika y% apo% e%toima ektele%sima. Ka%the
   me%thodo*s e%xei ta pleonekty%mata ty*s:

   Pake%ta (e%toima ektele%sima)
     * Pio gry%gory egkata%stasy (y metaglw%ttisy mega%lwn efarmogw%n mporei%
       na diarke%sei arkety% w%ra).
     * Den xreia%zetai na katanoei%te pw*s gi%netai y metaglw%ttisy tou
       logismikou%.
     * Den xreia%zetai na egkatasty%sete metaglwttiste%*s sto su%styma sa*s.
   Ports (pygai%o*s kw%dika*s)
     * Ikano%tyta prosarmogy%*s twn epilogw%n egkata%stasy*s. (Ta pake%ta
       suny%thw*s metaglwtti%zontai me ti*s proepilegme%ne*s epiloge%*s). Me
       ta ports mporei%te na prosarmo%sete dia%fore*s epiloge%*s, o%pw*s tyn
       metaglw%ttisy pro%sthetwn arthrwma%twn, y% allagy% ty*s
       proepilegme%ny*s the%sy*s egkata%stasy*s.
     * Mporei%te na ba%lete ti*s dike%*s sa*s allage%*s (patches) an to
       epithumei%te.

   An den e%xete eidike%*s apaity%sei*s, ta pake%ta pithano%n tha sa*s
   kalu%qoun mia xara%. An wsto%so xreia%zetai na prosarmo%sete ka%poie*s
   epiloge%*s, to%te y me%thodo*s twn ports ei%nai y kalu%tery. (Kai
   thumythei%te, an xreia%zeste prosarmogy% alla% protima%te ta pake%ta,
   mporei%te me%sw ty*s sullogy%*s twn ports na ftia%cete ta dika% sa*s
   prosarmosme%na pake%ta xrysimopoiw%nta*s tyn entoly% make package kai
   antigra%fonta*s ta pake%ta pou dymiourgy%sate se a%lla myxany%mata.)

4. Ekki%nysy tou Susty%mato*s: Pou ei%nai ta run-levels;

   To Linux(R) xrysimopoiei% to su%styma ekki%nysy*s SysV, enw% to FreeBSD
   xrysimopoiei% to paradosiako% su%styma ekki%nysy*s BSD. Sto su%styma
   init(8) tu%pou BSD, den upa%rxoun run-levels, ou%te to arxei%o
   /etc/inittab. Anti% gia auta%, y ekki%nysy ele%gxetai apo% e%na script
   ekki%nysy*s, to rc(8). To script /etc/rc diaba%zei to arxei%o
   /etc/defaults/rc.conf kai to arxei%o /etc/rc.conf gia na kathori%sei
   poie*s upyresi%e*s pro%keitai na cekiny%soun. Oi upyresi%e*s aute%*s
   cekina%ne me tyn ekte%lesy twn anti%stoixwn script ekki%nysy*s pou
   bri%skontai stou*s katalo%gou*s /etc/rc.d/ kai /usr/local/etc/rc.d/. Ta
   scripts auta% ei%nai paro%moia me ta scripts pou bri%skontai ston
   kata%logo /etc/init.d/ se susty%mata Linux(R).

   Giati% upa%rxoun du%o topothesi%e*s gia ta scripts ekki%nysy*s twn
   upyresiw%n; Ta scripts pou bri%skontai ston kata%logo /etc/rc.d/ ei%nai
   gia efarmoge%*s pou any%koun sto <<basiko%>> su%styma. (Gia para%deigma,
   ti*s cron(8), sshd(8), syslog(3), kai a%lle*s.) Ta scripts pou bri%skontai
   ston kata%logo /usr/local/etc/rc.d/ ei%nai gia efarmoge%*s pou e%xoun
   egkatastathei% apo% tou*s xry%ste*s, o%pw*s gia para%deigma o Apache, to
   Squid, k.l.p.

   Poia ei%nai y diafora% metacu% tou <<basikou%>> susty%mato*s kai twn
   efarmogw%n xry%sty; To FreeBSD anaptu%ssetai w*s e%na ply%re*s
   leitourgiko% su%styma. Me a%lla lo%gia, o pury%na*s, oi bibliothy%ke*s tou
   susty%mato*s, oi basike%*s entole%*s (userland, ta progra%mmata o%pw*s to
   ls(1), cat(1), cp(1) klp.), anaptu%ssontai kai dymosieu%ontai mazi%, w*s
   su%nolo. Auto% anafe%retai kai w*s <<basiko%>> su%styma. Oi efarmoge%*s
   pou egkathi%stantai apo% tou*s xry%ste*s, den any%koun sto <<basiko%>>
   su%styma, kai te%toie*s ei%nai gia para%deigma o Apache, to X11, o
   Mozilla Firefox, klp. Autou% tou ei%dou*s oi efarmoge%*s, genika%
   egkathi%stantai me ty xry%sy ty*s Sullogy%*s Pake%twn kai Ports tou
   FreeBSD. Gia na cexwri%zoun apo% to upo%loipo <<basiko%>> su%styma, oi
   efarmoge%*s xry%sty suny%thw*s egkathi%stantai se upokatalo%gou*s tou
   /usr/local/. E%tsi ta ektele%sima progra%mmata twn xrystw%n bri%skontai
   suny%thw*s ston kata%logo /usr/local/bin/, ta anti%stoixa arxei%a
   ruthmi%sewn tou*s ston kata%logo /usr/local/etc/, k.o.k.

   Oi upyresi%e*s energopoiou%ntai me tyn prosthy%ky mia*s eggrafy%*s tu%pou
   O%nomaUpyresi%a*s_enable="YES" sto arxei%o /etc/rc.conf (rc.conf(5)).
   Ri%cte mia matia% sto arxei%o /etc/defaults/rc.conf gia na dei%te ti*s
   proepiloge%*s tou susty%mato*s. Oi ruthmi%sei*s pou ka%noume sto arxei%o
   /etc/rc.conf uperisxu%oun e%nanti twn proepilogw%n autw%n. Epi%sy*s, kata%
   tyn egkata%stasy pro%sthetwn efarmogw%n, bebaiwthei%te o%ti diaba%sate tyn
   anti%stoixy tekmyri%wsy gia na brei%te pw*s na energopoiy%sete tuxo%n
   sxetike%*s upyresi%e*s.

   To ako%loutho apo%spasma apo% to arxei%o /etc/rc.conf energopoiei% tyn
   upyresi%a sshd(8) kai ton Apache 2.2. Epi%sy*s kathori%zei o%ti o Apache
   tha cekiny%sei me energopoiyme%ny ty dunato%tyta SSL.

 # enable SSHD
 sshd_enable="YES"
 # enable Apache with SSL
 apache22_enable="YES"
 apache22_flags="-DSSL"

   Apo% ty stigmy% pou mia upyresi%a energopoiythei% sto arxei%o
   /etc/rc.conf, mporei%te na tyn cekiny%sete apeuthei%a*s apo% ty grammy%
   entolw%n (xwri%*s na xreia%zetai na epanekkiny%sete to su%styma sa*s):

 # /etc/rc.d/sshd start

   An mia upyresi%a den e%xei energopoiythei% sto arxei%o auto%, mporei%te na
   ecanagka%sete tyn ekki%nysy ty*s apo% tyn grammy% entolw%n me tyn epilogy%
   forcestart:

 # /etc/rc.d/sshd forcestart

5. Ru%thmisy Diktu%ou

  5.1. Diepafe%*s Diktu%ou

   Anti% gia to geniko% anagnwristiko% tu%pou ethX pou xrysimopoiei% to
   Linux(R) gia tyn anagnw%risy mia*s diepafy%*s diktu%ou, to FreeBSD
   xrysimopoiei% w*s anagnwristiko% to o%noma tou progra%mmato*s ody%gysy*s
   akolouthou%meno apo% e%na arithmo%. Y ako%louthy e%codo*s apo% tyn entoly%
   ifconfig(8) dei%xnei du%o ka%rte*s diktu%ou Intel(R) Pro 1000 (me
   anagnwristika% em0 and em1):

 % ifconfig
 em0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
         options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU>
         inet 10.10.10.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.10.10.255
         ether 00:50:56:a7:70:b2
         media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>)
         status: active
 em1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
         options=b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU>
         inet 192.168.10.222 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.10.255
         ether 00:50:56:a7:03:2b
         media: Ethernet autoselect (1000baseTX <full-duplex>)
         status: active

  5.2. Ruthmi%sei*s Dieuthu%nsewn IP

   Mporei%te na anathe%sete mia dieu%thunsy IP se mia diepafy% diktu%ou me ty
   xry%sy ty*s entoly%*s ifconfig(8). Gia na gi%nei mo%nimy wsto%so auty% y
   allagy%, kai na myn xa%netai se ka%the epanekki%nysy, tha pre%pei na tyn
   perila%bete sto arxei%o /etc/rc.conf. Sto ako%loutho para%deigma fai%netai
   y kataxw%rysy pou perilamba%nei to o%noma tou upologisty% (hostname), tyn
   dieu%thunsy IP, kathw%*s kai tyn proepilegme%ny pu%ly (defaultrouter):

 hostname="server1.example.com"
 ifconfig_em0="inet 10.10.10.100  netmask 255.255.255.0"
 defaultrouter="10.10.10.1"

   Xrysimopoiy%ste tyn ako%louthy kataxw%rysy gia na kathori%sete o%ti mia
   diepafy% tha lamba%nei ruthmi%sei*s me%sw DHCP:

 hostname="server1.example.com"
 ifconfig_em0="DHCP"

6. Firewall

   Sto Linux(R) xrysimopoiei%tai to IPTABLES to opoi%o pare%xei upyresi%e*s
   firewall se epi%pedo pury%na. To FreeBSD pare%xei epi%sy*s firewall me%sw
   tou pury%na. Gia tyn akri%beia, to FreeBSD pare%xei tri%a firewalls:

     * IPFIREWALL
     * IPFILTER
     * PF

   To IPFIREWALL y% IPFW (y entoly% xeirismou% twn kano%nwn tou IPFW ei%nai y
   ipfw(8)) ei%nai to firewall pou e%xei anaptuxthei% kai suntyrei%tai apo%
   tyn oma%da ana%ptucy*s tou FreeBSD. To IPFW mporei% na sunduastei% me to
   dummynet(4) gia na pare%xei dunato%tyte*s diamo%rfwsy*s ty*s ki%nysy*s
   pake%twn (traffic shaping) kai na ecomoiw%nei diaforetikou%*s tu%pou*s
   sunde%sewn diktu%ou.

   Para%deigma eno%*s kano%na tou IPFW pou epitre%pei eiserxo%mena dedome%na
   pro*s tyn upyresi%a SSH:

 ipfw add allow tcp from any to me 22 in via $ext_if

   To IPFILTER ei%nai mia efarmogy% firewall pou anaptu%ssetai apo% ton
   Darren Reed. Den e%xei ftiaxtei% eidika% gia to FreeBSD, kai e%xei
   metaferthei% kai se a%lla leitourgika%, sumperilambanome%nwn twn NetBSD,
   OpenBSD, SunOS, HP/UX, kai Solaris.

   Para%deigma eno%*s kano%na gia to IPFILTER pou epitre%pei eiserxo%mena
   dedome%na pro*s tyn upyresi%a SSH:

 pass in on $ext_if proto tcp from any to any port = 22

   Y teleutai%a efarmogy% firewall, to PF, anaptu%ssetai apo% to OpenBSD
   project. To PF dymiourgy%thyke w*s antikatasta%ty*s tou IPFILTER, kai
   e%tsi y su%ntacy tou PF ei%nai arketa% paro%moia me auty% tou IPFILTER. To
   PF mporei% na sunduastei% me to altq(4) gia na pare%xei upyresi%e*s tu%pou
   QoS.

   Para%deigma kano%na tou PF pou epitre%pei eiserxo%mena dedome%na pro*s tyn
   upyresi%a SSH:

 pass in on $ext_if inet proto tcp from any to ($ext_if) port 22

7. Anabathmi%zonta*s to FreeBSD

   Upa%rxoun trei*s me%thodoi gia tyn anaba%thmisy eno%*s susty%mato*s
   FreeBSD: Me%sw tou pygai%ou kw%dika, me%sw e%toimwn (binary)
   anabathmi%sewn, kai me%sw twn CD egkata%stasy*s.

   Y egkata%stasy me%sw tou pygai%ou kw%dika ei%nai y pio polu%ploky, alla%
   prosfe%rei kai ty megalu%tery dunaty% euelici%a. Y diadikasi%a auty%
   perilamba%nei to sugxronismo% tou topikou% antigra%fou tou pygai%ou
   kw%dika tou FreeBSD me ton kw%dika tou FreeBSD pou bri%sketai stou*s
   ecupyretyte%*s CVS (Concurrent Versioning System). Apo% ty stigmy% pou to
   topiko% anti%grafo pygai%ou kw%dika ei%nai ananewme%no, mporei%te na
   metaglwtti%sete ne%e*s ekdo%sei*s tou pury%na kai twn basikw%n
   programma%twn. Gia perisso%tere*s plyrofori%e*s sxetika% me to su%styma
   anaba%thmisy*s me%sw pygai%ou kw%dika, dei%te to kefa%laio Enyme%rwsy kai
   Anaba%thmisy sto Egxeiri%dio tou FreeBSD.

   Oi e%toime*s (binary) anabathmi%sei*s, ei%nai paro%moie*s me ty xry%sy
   ty*s entoly%*s yum y% apt-get gia tyn anaba%thmisy eno%*s susty%mato*s
   Linux(R). Y entoly% freebsd-update(8) tha kateba%sei ti*s anabathmi%sei*s
   kai tha ti*s egkatasty%sei. Mporei%te na kathori%sete tyn auto%maty, ana%
   takta% diasty%mata ekte%lesy ty*s, me ty xry%sy tou cron(8).

  Symei%wsy:

   An pro%keitai na xrysimopoiy%sete to cron(8) gia programmatisme%ne*s
   anabathmi%sei*s, bebaiwthei%te o%ti xrysimopoiei%te tyn entoly%
   freebsd-update cron sto arxei%o crontab(1) gia na elaxistopoiythei% y
   pithano%tyta na gi%netai anane%wsy tyn i%dia stigmy% apo% e%na mega%lo
   arithmo% myxanyma%twn.

 0 3 * * * root /usr/sbin/freebsd-update cron

   Y teleutai%a epilogy% anaba%thmisy*s, me%sw twn CD egkata%stasy*s, ei%nai
   arketa% ceka%thary. Aplw%*s ekkiny%ste apo% to CD egkata%stasy*s kai
   epile%cte tyn anti%stoixy epilogy% anaba%thmisy*s (upgrade).

8. procfs: Perasme%no alla% o%xi Cexasme%no

   Sto Linux(R), tha xreiastei% na dei%te to /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
   gia na kathori%sete an ei%nai energopoiyme%ny y prow%thysy IP (IP
   forwarding). Sto FreeBSD tha pre%pei na xrysimopoiy%sete to sysctl(8) gia
   na dei%te auty% kai a%lle*s ruthmi%sei*s tou susty%mato*s, kathw%*s to
   procfs(5) thewrei%tai parwxyme%no se pro%sfate*s ekdo%sei*s tou
   leitourgikou%. (An kai y entoly% sysctl ei%nai epi%sy*s diathe%simy kai
   sto Linux(R)).

   Sto para%deigma ty*s prow%thysy*s IP, tha xrysimopoiou%same tyn ako%louthy
   entoly% gia na kathori%soume an y dunato%tyta auty% ei%nai energopoiyme%ny
   se e%na FreeBSD su%styma:

 % sysctl net.inet.ip.forwarding
 net.inet.ip.forwarding: 0

   Y epilogy% -a xrysimopoiei%tai gia na pa%roume mia li%sta me o%le*s ti*s
   ruthmi%sei*s tou susty%mato*s:

 % sysctl -a
 kern.ostype: FreeBSD
 kern.osrelease: 6.2-RELEASE-p9
 kern.osrevision: 199506
 kern.version: FreeBSD 6.2-RELEASE-p9 #0: Thu Nov 29 04:07:33 UTC 2007
     root@i386-builder.daemonology.net:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC

 kern.maxvnodes: 17517
 kern.maxproc: 1988
 kern.maxfiles: 3976
 kern.argmax: 262144
 kern.securelevel: -1
 kern.hostname: server1
 kern.hostid: 0
 kern.clockrate: { hz = 1000, tick = 1000, profhz = 666, stathz = 133 }
 kern.posix1version: 200112
 ...

  Symei%wsy:

   Ka%poie*s apo% ti*s time%*s pou dei%xnei y entoly% sysctl ei%nai mo%no gia
   ana%gnwsy.

   Upa%rxoun periptw%sei*s o%pou apaitei%tai to procfs, o%pw*s gia
   para%deigma o%tan ektelei%te palio%tero logismiko%, to opoi%o ka%nei
   xry%sy ty*s entoly%*s truss(1) gia tyn ani%xneusy twn kly%sewn
   susty%mato*s, kai gia tyn Sumbato%tyta me Ektele%sima tou Linux(R). (An
   kai y Sumbato%tyta me Ektele%sima tou Linux(R) xrysimopoiei% to diko% ty*s
   procfs, to linprocfs(5)). An xreia%zetai na prosarty%sete to procfs,
   mporei%te na prosthe%sete tyn ako%louthy eggrafy% sto arxei%o /etc/fstab:

 proc                /proc           procfs  rw,noauto       0       0

  Symei%wsy:

   Y epilogy% noauto tha empodi%sei tyn auto%maty prosa%rtysy tou /proc kata%
   tyn ekki%nysy tou susty%mato*s.

   Prosarty%ste kato%pin tyn procfs xrysimopoiw%nta*s tyn ako%louthy entoly%:

 # mount /proc

9. Sunythisme%ne*s Entole%*s

  9.1. Diaxei%risy Pake%twn

      Entoly% tou Linux(R)    Anti%stoixy entoly%          Skopo%*s           
        (Red Hat/Debian)            FreeBSD       
   yum install package /      pkg_add -r package  Egkata%stasy pake%tou apo%  
   apt-get install package                        apomakrusme%no ecupyretyty% 
   rpm -ivh package / dpkg -i pkg_add -v package  Egkata%stasy pake%tou       
   package                    
   rpm -qa / dpkg -l          pkg_info            Li%sta egkatestyme%nwn      
                                                  pake%twn                    

  9.2. Diaxei%risy Susty%mato*s

   Entoly% Linux(R) Anti%stoixy entoly%               Skopo%*s                
                          FreeBSD       
   lspci            pciconf             Li%sta suskeuw%n PCI                  
   lsmod            kldstat             Li%sta fortwme%nwn arthrwma%twn       
                                        pury%na                               
   modprobe         kldload / kldunload Fo%rtwsy/Apofo%rtwsy arthrwma%twn     
                                        pury%na                               
   strace           truss               Ani%xneusy kly%sewn susty%mato*s      

10. Sumpera%smata

   Euelpistou%me o%ti auto% to kei%meno sa*s parei%xe arkete%*s plyrofori%e*s
   gia na cekiny%sete me to FreeBSD. Gia perisso%tere*s kai pio leptomerei%*s
   plyrofori%e*s, parakalou%me na diaba%sete to Egxeiri%dio tou FreeBSD to
   opoi%o epi%sy*s perie%xei kai polla% the%mata pou den kalu%fthykan
   katho%lou sto paro%n kei%meno.
